Various cancer treatments, including chest radiotherapy (particularly for Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer), cytotoxic therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, can lead to pericarditis or pericardial effusion. Among patients receiving chest radiotherapy, the incidence of pericarditis within two years of follow-up can reach up to 20%. Late-onset pericarditis may occur 15 to 20 years after radiotherapy. In recent years, advancements in radiation techniques and reductions in radiation doses have contributed to a decline in the incidence of radiotherapy-associated pericarditis.
For cases involving large pericardial effusions, pericardiocentesis may be performed. Recurrent pericardial effusion may require consideration of pericardial window surgery, while constrictive pericarditis may be managed with pericardiectomy.